Challenges faced by populations in the nomadic regions, Pockets of Poverty areas and Urban Informal Settlements of Kenya revolve largely around impacts of climate change. Impacts of climate change prompt emergency nomadism which is an economic activity and therefore mobile in nature and distance to education institutions makes the provision  of formal education difficult. Persistent insecurity in some of the nomadic regions, Pockets of Poverty areas and Urban Informal Settlements of Kenya, higher teacher turn over due to insecurity ad hardship, limited monitoring and supervision of learning institutions as well as wildlife-human conflict

The government of Kenya is cognizant of the fact that despite massive investment in education in the last fifty-two years, over 2 million school age (6-13 years) are still out of school with nomadic regions, Pockets of Poverty areas and Urban Informal Settlements of Kenya accounting for over 80% of them. The major constraints to the participation of children from nomadic regions, Pockets of Poverty areas and Urban Informal Settlements of Kenya in formal and non-formal education are:

• Their constant migration /movements in search of water and pasture in the case of the pastoralists and fish in the case of the fishing nomads;
• The centrality of child labour in their production system, thus making it extremely difficult to allow their children to participate in formal schooling;
• The irrelevance of the school curriculum which is tailored to meet the needs of sedentary groups and thus ignores the educational needs of nomadic people;
• Their physical isolation since they operate in a mostly inaccessible physical environment; and
• Land tenure system that makes it difficult for the nomads to acquire land and settle in one place.